The Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) is a standardized test that serves as a critical component for admissions to many graduate schools in the United States and internationally. This page provides an in-depth exploration of the GRE, covering its structure, content, scoring, preparation strategies, and additional important information for prospective test-takers.
What is the GRE?
The GRE, administered by Educational Testing Service (ETS), assesses a candidate’s readiness for graduate-level academic work. It evaluates verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, and analytical writing skills. The GRE General Test is the most commonly taken version, though ETS also offers subject-specific GRE tests.
Importance of the GRE
- Admissions Requirement: Many graduate programs require GRE scores for admission.
- Scholarships and Funding: Strong GRE scores can enhance eligibility for scholarships and funding opportunities.
- Standardized Measure: Provides a uniform measure of academic ability, facilitating the comparison of candidates from diverse educational backgrounds.
Structure of the GRE General Test
The GRE General Test consists of three primary sections: Analytical Writing, Verbal Reasoning, and Quantitative Reasoning. Additionally, there are unscored and research sections used for ETS’s test development.
Analytical Writing
This section assesses critical thinking and analytical writing abilities. It comprises two tasks:
- Analyze an Issue: Candidates write an essay analyzing a given issue, presenting their perspective supported by reasons and examples.
- Analyze an Argument: Candidates critique an argument provided in the prompt, evaluating its logical soundness and providing evidence-based critique.
Verbal Reasoning
This section measures reading comprehension, critical reasoning, and vocabulary usage. It includes two 30-minute sections, each containing 20 questions. Question types are:
- Reading Comprehension: Questions based on passages of varying lengths.
- Text Completion: Questions requiring the selection of words or phrases to complete sentences.
- Sentence Equivalence: Questions requiring the selection of two words or phrases that create a coherent, meaningful sentence.
Quantitative Reasoning
This section assesses problem-solving ability using arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and data analysis. It includes two 35-minute sections, each containing 20 questions. Question types are:
- Quantitative Comparison: Questions that require comparing two quantities to determine their relationship.
- Multiple-choice Questions: Single-answer and multiple-answer questions.
- Numeric Entry: Questions requiring the entry of a numeric answer.
Scoring of the GRE
- Analytical Writing: Scores range from 0 to 6 in half-point increments.
- Verbal Reasoning: Scores range from 130 to 170 in one-point increments.
- Quantitative Reasoning: Scores range from 130 to 170 in one-point increments.
Preparing for the GRE
Study Materials
- Official GRE Guide: ETS offers an official guide with practice questions and test-taking strategies.
- Prep Books: Various publishers provide GRE preparation books featuring practice tests, tips, and strategies.
- Online Resources: Numerous websites and online courses offer GRE practice materials and tutorials, such as GRE prep course.
Study Plan
Creating a structured study plan is essential for effective GRE preparation. Here are steps to develop a study plan:
- Assess Your Starting Point: Take a practice test to determine baseline scores in each section.
- Set Goals: Define target scores based on the requirements of the programs you are applying to.
- Schedule Study Time: Allocate regular study sessions over several months.
- Focus on Weak Areas: Identify and concentrate on improving weaker sections.
- Practice Regularly: Consistently work on practice questions and take full-length practice tests.
- Review and Adjust: Periodically review progress and adjust the study plan as needed.
Test-Taking Strategies
- Time Management: Practice pacing yourself to complete each section within the allotted time.
- Answer Every Question: There is no penalty for guessing, so answer every question.
- Use Process of Elimination: Narrow down answer choices to increase the likelihood of selecting the correct one.
- Stay Calm: Practice relaxation techniques to manage test-day anxiety and maintain focus.
Test Day Tips
Before the Test
- Rest Well: Ensure a good night’s sleep before the test.
- Eat a Healthy Meal: Have a nutritious meal to maintain energy levels during the test.
- Arrive Early: Plan to arrive at the test center early to complete check-in procedures.
During the Test
- Follow Instructions: Listen carefully to the instructions provided by test administrators.
- Manage Time: Keep an eye on the clock and pace yourself to complete each section.
- Stay Focused: Avoid getting stuck on difficult questions; move on and return to them if time permits.
- Take Breaks: Utilize any scheduled breaks to rest and recharge.
GRE Subject Tests
In addition to the GRE General Test, ETS offers GRE Subject Tests in specific disciplines. These tests are designed for students with an undergraduate major or extensive background in the subject. The available subject tests include:
- Biology
- Chemistry
- Literature in English
- Mathematics
- Physics
- Psychology
Structure and Scoring
Each subject test is a paper-based exam consisting of multiple-choice questions. Scores range from 200 to 990, in 10-point increments. Some tests also report subscores.
GRE Accommodations
ETS provides accommodations for test-takers with disabilities or health-related needs. These accommodations may include extended time, extra breaks, and modified test formats. To request accommodations, candidates must submit documentation and follow ETS’s procedures.
GRE Score Reporting
Sending Scores
Test-takers can send their scores to up to four institutions for free as part of their test fee. Additional score reports can be sent for a fee.
Score Validity
GRE scores are valid for five years from the test date.
Interpreting GRE Scores
Percentiles
Each GRE score report includes percentile ranks, indicating the percentage of test-takers who scored below a particular score. Percentiles contextualize your performance relative to other test-takers.
Program Requirements
Different graduate programs have varying GRE score requirements. Research the average or minimum required scores for your target programs to set realistic goals.
Retaking the GRE
Test-takers can retake the GRE every 21 days, up to five times within any continuous rolling 12-month period. Before retaking the test, analyze your previous performance to identify areas for improvement and adjust your study plan accordingly.
GRE Myths and Misconceptions
- Myth: The GRE is the Only Factor in Admissions: While important, the GRE is just one component of your application. Admissions committees also consider academic records, letters of recommendation, statements of purpose, and other factors.
- Myth: You Must Score Perfectly: Different programs have different score requirements. Focus on achieving the scores needed for your target programs.
- Myth: The GRE is Unbeatable: With adequate preparation and practice, you can achieve a high score on the GRE.
Alternative Tests
Some programs may accept alternative tests, such as the GMAT for business schools or the LSAT for law schools. Research the specific requirements of your desired programs to determine which test is most appropriate.
Section-Specific Preparation Tips
Analytical Writing
- Understand the Task: Familiarize yourself with the types of prompts for both the Issue and Argument tasks.
- Practice Writing: Write practice essays to improve your writing speed and clarity.
- Review Scoring Criteria: Understand the GRE Analytical Writing scoring criteria to know what the graders are looking for.
- Get Feedback: Have your essays reviewed by a mentor or use online services that provide feedback on GRE essays.
Verbal Reasoning
- Expand Your Vocabulary: Use vocabulary lists, flashcards, and apps to enhance your vocabulary.
- Practice Reading Comprehension: Regularly read complex texts from diverse sources such as academic journals, literary works, and high-level news articles.
- Work on Text Completion and Sentence Equivalence: Practice identifying context clues and understanding sentence structures to excel in these question types.
Quantitative Reasoning
- Review Basic Math Concepts: Ensure a strong understanding of basic arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and data analysis.
- Practice Problem-Solving: Work on various types of quantitative problems to improve your problem-solving skills.
- Use GRE Quantitative Practice Tools: Utilize tools and resources provided by ETS and other reputable sources to practice GRE-style questions.
Additional Resources and Support
Online Forums and Study Groups
- GRE Prep Forums: Join online forums such as the GRE subreddit or other test-prep communities to share experiences and get advice.
- Study Groups: Form or join study groups to collaborate and learn with peers.
Professional Tutoring
- Tutoring Services: Consider hiring a professional tutor if you need personalized guidance and support.
- Test Prep Courses: Enroll in GRE preparation courses offered by various educational institutions and test-prep companies.
Staying Motivated and Managing Stress
Goal Setting
- Set Clear Goals: Define clear, achievable goals for your GRE preparation and keep track of your progress.
- Stay Positive: Maintain a positive attitude and remind yourself of your long-term academic and career objectives.
Stress Management
- Practice Relaxation Techniques: Use techniques such as deep breathing, meditation, and mindfulness to manage stress.
- Take Breaks: Ensure you take regular breaks during your study sessions to avoid burnout.
- Healthy Lifestyle: Maintain a healthy lifestyle with proper nutrition, exercise, and adequate sleep.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What is the cost of the GRE?
As of the latest update, the cost of the GRE General Test is $205, though this may vary based on location. GRE Subject Tests cost $150 each.
How do I register for the GRE?
You can register for the GRE online through the ETS website. Registration involves selecting a test date and location, and paying the test fee.
Can I choose which scores to send to schools?
Yes, ETS offers the ScoreSelect option, allowing you to choose which test scores to send to schools.