Purchased from Russia in 1867, Alaska became the 49th state in 1959. Its rich natural resources and remote, rugged landscapes are defining features. Alaska has 19 organized boroughs and 1 unorganized borough, divided into 11 census areas.
10 Largest Boroughs in Alaska
1. Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area
County Facts:
- Population: Approximately 5,230
- Area Codes: 907
- Zip Codes: 99745, 99760, 99765, 99771, 99777, 99783, 99784, 99786
- County Seat: None; central administration is located in Fairbanks.
Geography and History:
Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area is the largest administrative region in Alaska and the United States, covering an area of 147,805 square miles. It features diverse landscapes, including parts of the Yukon, Koyukuk, and Tanana river systems, as well as the Brooks Range. The region is remote, with minimal road access, relying mostly on waterways and air travel for transportation.
Historically, the area is home to several Indigenous groups, including the Koyukon and Gwich’in Athabaskans, who have lived here for centuries. The area saw an influx of settlers during the Gold Rush era of the late 1800s, especially along the Yukon River. Despite this, much of the land remains undeveloped and preserves its natural wilderness, offering a glimpse into a pristine environment unchanged by modern development.
Colleges and Universities:
- The University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) offers distance learning opportunities to residents in the region.
- Tanana Chiefs Conference supports educational programs for Indigenous students.
Major Landmarks:
The Yukon River, one of the longest rivers in North America, is a major geographical feature, offering stunning scenic beauty and opportunities for river-based activities. The Gates of the Arctic National Park, a vast wilderness area, lies partially in the northern reaches of Yukon-Koyukuk and is renowned for its untouched landscapes, wildlife, and natural beauty.
2. North Slope Borough
County Facts:
- Population: Approximately 9,800
- Area Codes: 907
- Zip Codes: 99723, 99734, 99789, 99791
- County Seat: Utqiaġvik (formerly Barrow)
Geography and History:
The North Slope Borough covers the northernmost region of Alaska, spanning approximately 94,763 square miles. It includes Arctic tundra, coastal plains, and stretches into the Arctic Ocean. The borough is known for its harsh climate, with extreme cold and polar nights during the winter months.
Historically, the area has been home to the Iñupiat people for thousands of years. They have relied on marine resources, particularly whales, for their subsistence. Modern oil exploration began in the mid-20th century, with Prudhoe Bay being one of the largest oil fields in North America. Oil and gas extraction has since become a significant economic driver for the region.
Colleges and Universities:
- Iḷisaġvik College, located in Utqiaġvik, is Alaska’s only tribal college, offering a variety of programs in fields such as business, health, and vocational training.
- University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF): Provides distance education to residents of the North Slope Borough.
Major Landmarks:
Key landmarks include Prudhoe Bay, a major oil extraction area, and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), known for its vast wilderness and rich biodiversity. The region is also famous for the midnight sun during summer and the aurora borealis in winter.
3. Bethel Census Area
County Facts:
- Population: Approximately 18,000
- Area Codes: 907
- Zip Codes: 99545, 99547, 99609, 99637, 99680, 99690
- County Seat: Bethel
Geography and History:
Bethel Census Area spans 45,504 square miles in southwestern Alaska. It is characterized by tundra, rivers, and a wetland-rich landscape, with the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers being significant geographical features. The region has no road connections to other parts of Alaska and relies heavily on air and boat transportation.
The Yup’ik people have lived in the area for centuries, utilizing the abundant fish and wildlife resources for their subsistence. Russian explorers were the first Europeans to visit the region in the 19th century, followed by missionaries and fur traders. The town of Bethel, originally a trading post, grew into the region’s central hub.
Colleges and Universities:
- Yuut Elitnaurviat – People’s Learning Center: Offers vocational and technical education.
- University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF): Provides distance learning programs to students in the Bethel region.
Major Landmarks:
The Kuskokwim River, which runs through Bethel, is the lifeblood of the region, offering transportation and subsistence resources. The Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, one of the largest wildlife refuges in the U.S., is also located here, home to diverse wildlife and offering unparalleled opportunities for birdwatching and ecotourism.
4. Southeast Fairbanks Census Area
County Facts:
- Population: Approximately 7,000
- Area Codes: 907
- Zip Codes: 99714, 99730, 99738, 99780
- County Seat: None; Tok is the largest community.
Geography and History:
Southeast Fairbanks Census Area covers 25,059 square miles, featuring diverse geography from the Alaska Range in the south to the rolling hills and river systems to the north. The Tanana River is one of the main waterways, and the area experiences long, harsh winters and short, warm summers.
The region has been inhabited for thousands of years by the Athabascan people. European explorers arrived in the 19th century, and the area later became a part of the gold rush route. Agriculture and mining have been prominent economic activities in the area, and today, tourism plays a significant role due to its location on the Alaska Highway.
Colleges and Universities:
- Tok University Center: Offers UAF courses and serves as a regional hub for higher education.
- University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF): Provides online and distance learning for the Southeast Fairbanks population.
Major Landmarks:
Landmarks include the Tok Cutoff, which is a key route for travelers driving from Canada into Alaska, and the Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge, which offers excellent wildlife viewing opportunities, especially for migratory birds.
5. Valdez-Cordova Census Area
County Facts:
- Population: Approximately 9,500
- Area Codes: 907
- Zip Codes: 99573, 99574, 99587, 99686
- County Seat: Valdez
Geography and History:
Valdez-Cordova Census Area spans 40,340 square miles, with its geography dominated by rugged mountains, glaciers, and coastal fjords. The area has a mix of maritime and subarctic climates, with Valdez receiving some of the highest annual snowfall in the world.
The region’s history is tied to the Gold Rush of 1898, when prospectors traveled through Valdez on their way to the Klondike. The Trans-Alaska Pipeline terminus is located in Valdez, making it a vital hub for the state’s oil industry. Cordova, another significant community, has a rich fishing history.
Colleges and Universities:
- Prince William Sound College, located in Valdez, is part of the University of Alaska system.
- University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF): Offers additional distance learning opportunities to residents of the region.
Major Landmarks:
Landmarks in the area include the Valdez Museum, which chronicles the town’s Gold Rush and pipeline history, and the Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site. The Chugach Mountains and nearby glaciers provide a dramatic backdrop for hiking, skiing, and fishing.
6. Nome Census Area
County Facts:
- Population: Approximately 9,900
- Area Codes: 907
- Zip Codes: 99762, 99772, 99783
- County Seat: Nome
Geography and History:
Nome Census Area covers 28,278 square miles, featuring a coastline along the Bering Sea and rolling tundra inland. The area is known for its harsh winter conditions and relatively mild summers. The nearby Bering Land Bridge National Preserve reflects the region’s ancient history, being part of the land route from Asia to North America.
The Nome Gold Rush of 1899-1909 was a key historical event, attracting thousands of miners and making Nome a boomtown. The region is also home to the Iñupiat people, who have lived in the area for thousands of years, relying on fishing, whaling, and hunting for subsistence.
Colleges and Universities:
- Northwest Campus, located in Nome, is part of the University of Alaska Fairbanks, providing education and workforce development for the community.
- Iḷisaġvik College: Offers remote programs for rural Alaska residents.
Major Landmarks:
Famous for the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, which ends in Nome, the town is steeped in history, from the remnants of the Gold Rush to its Arctic exploration heritage. The nearby Bering Land Bridge National Preserve offers an untouched wilderness experience and insight into prehistoric migrations.
7. Matanuska-Susitna Borough
County Facts:
- Population: Approximately 108,000
- Area Codes: 907
- Zip Codes: 99645, 99654, 99694, 99688
- County Seat: Palmer
Geography and History:
The Matanuska-Susitna Borough, often called the “Mat-Su” Borough, spans 25,258 square miles and includes mountains, rivers, and farmland. It lies north of Anchorage and is known for its agricultural land, particularly in the Matanuska Valley, which was developed in the 1930s as part of a New Deal colony project.
The region has grown rapidly in recent years as people move here from Anchorage for its rural atmosphere and relatively affordable housing. The borough has a rich history of farming, gold mining, and rail development, contributing to Alaska’s economic growth.
Colleges and Universities:
- Alaska Pacific University: A small private university based in nearby Anchorage but attended by many Mat-Su students.
- University of Alaska Anchorage (UAA) Mat-Su College: Offers a wide range of associate degrees and certificate programs.
Major Landmarks:
Denali, North America’s highest peak, is visible from parts of the borough, and the surrounding Denali State Park offers hiking and camping opportunities. The Alaska State Fairgrounds, located in Palmer, hosts Alaska’s largest fair and other events year-round, highlighting the agricultural history of the region.
8. Kenai Peninsula Borough
County Facts:
- Population: Approximately 58,000
- Area Codes: 907
- Zip Codes: 99611, 99603, 99631, 99664
- County Seat: Soldotna
Geography and History:
The Kenai Peninsula Borough covers 16,075 square miles, characterized by rugged mountains, coastal fjords, and fertile river valleys. The region has a relatively mild maritime climate, with winters being colder inland.
The borough’s history includes the Dena’ina Athabaskan people, who have lived here for thousands of years. Russian explorers and fur traders arrived in the 18th century, and by the 20th century, fishing and canning industries dominated. Today, tourism, commercial fishing, and oil extraction are key industries.
Colleges and Universities:
- Kenai Peninsula College (KPC): Part of the University of Alaska Anchorage, KPC has campuses in Soldotna and Homer, offering associate degrees and certificate programs.
- University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF): Provides additional online and distance learning options.
Major Landmarks:
Famous for its outdoor recreation, the Kenai Fjords National Park offers incredible views of glaciers, marine wildlife, and pristine wilderness. The Kenai River, renowned for salmon fishing, draws anglers from around the world. Historic sites like the Russian Orthodox churches in Kenai reflect the area’s rich cultural heritage.
9. Fairbanks North Star Borough
County Facts:
- Population: Approximately 97,000
- Area Codes: 907
- Zip Codes: 99701, 99709, 99775
- County Seat: Fairbanks
Geography and History:
The Fairbanks North Star Borough covers 7,361 square miles in the heart of Alaska. The region is known for its boreal forests, rivers, and a subarctic climate with extreme temperatures ranging from cold winters to warm summers.
Fairbanks was founded during the 1902 gold rush and quickly became a major hub for miners and traders. The construction of the Alaska Railroad and the Alaska Highway during World War II further cemented its importance. Today, Fairbanks is a key educational and commercial center in the interior.
Colleges and Universities:
- University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF): The flagship campus of the University of Alaska system, UAF is a major research university with programs in engineering, business, and the sciences.
- Tanana Valley Campus: Part of UAF, offering vocational and technical education.
Major Landmarks:
Fairbanks is home to the University of Alaska Museum of the North, which showcases Alaska’s natural and cultural history. The Chena River State Recreation Area and the nearby Arctic Circle are popular attractions, offering unique Alaskan experiences such as hot springs, wildlife viewing, and aurora borealis watching.
10. Kodiak Island Borough
County Facts:
- Population: Approximately 13,000
- Area Codes: 907
- Zip Codes: 99615
- County Seat: Kodiak
Geography and History:
Kodiak Island Borough spans 12,022 square miles, mostly covering Kodiak Island and surrounding islands. The region is dominated by rugged terrain, dense forests, and a maritime climate, with the Kodiak Archipelago known for its rich wildlife, including the famous Kodiak brown bear.
Kodiak has been inhabited for over 7,000 years by the Alutiiq people. Russian fur traders established settlements in the 18th century, and Kodiak became the first capital of Russian America. Today, fishing, particularly salmon and crab, is a key industry, and the region also has a growing tourism sector.
Colleges and Universities:
- Kodiak College: A community college that is part of the University of Alaska Anchorage, offering a range of associate degrees and vocational training.
- University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF): Provides additional remote learning opportunities.
Major Landmarks:
Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, covering much of Kodiak Island, is home to the iconic Kodiak bear and offers incredible opportunities for wildlife viewing and outdoor adventures. The region’s Russian Orthodox churches, such as the Holy Resurrection Cathedral, provide insight into the area’s Russian colonial past.