Hawaii is unique in that it is composed of four counties, each corresponding to a different major island or group of islands. These counties include Honolulu County, Hawaii County, Maui County, and Kauai County.
1. Honolulu County (Oahu)
County Facts:
- Population: Approximately 1 million
- Area Codes: 808
- Zip Codes: 96701–96898
- County Seat: Honolulu
Geography and History:
Honolulu County, also known as the City and County of Honolulu, covers the entire island of Oahu and several smaller islets. The county spans 597 square miles and features diverse geography, including beaches, mountains (the Ko’olau and Waianae ranges), and urbanized areas. It enjoys a tropical climate with warm temperatures and seasonal rainfall.
Historically, Oahu has been a hub of political, economic, and cultural activity in Hawaii. The city of Honolulu became the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1845 and remains the state’s capital. The island played a critical role in World War II, particularly with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. Today, Honolulu County is the center of government, business, tourism, and military activities in Hawaii.
Colleges and Universities:
- University of Hawaii at Manoa: The flagship campus of the University of Hawaii system, offering a wide range of undergraduate and graduate programs.
- Hawaii Pacific University: A private university with programs in business, nursing, and international studies.
- Chaminade University of Honolulu: A private Catholic university with programs in education, criminal justice, and biology.
- Leeward Community College: Provides associate degrees and certificate programs for local students.
Major Landmarks:
Pearl Harbor and the USS Arizona Memorial are the most visited historical sites in Honolulu County, commemorating the attack that brought the U.S. into World War II. Waikiki Beach, with its luxury resorts and vibrant nightlife, is a world-famous destination for tourists. Diamond Head, an extinct volcanic crater, offers stunning views and hiking opportunities. Iolani Palace, the only royal palace in the United States, is another significant cultural landmark.
2. Hawaii County (Big Island)
County Facts:
- Population: Approximately 206,000
- Area Codes: 808
- Zip Codes: 96704–96785
- County Seat: Hilo
Geography and History:
Hawaii County, commonly referred to as the Big Island, is the largest county in Hawaii, covering 4,028 square miles. The island is geologically diverse, featuring active volcanoes (Mauna Loa and Kilauea), lush rainforests, arid deserts, and black sand beaches. The climate varies from tropical to subarctic, depending on the elevation and location on the island.
Historically, the Big Island is significant as the birthplace of King Kamehameha I, who united the Hawaiian Islands. Hawaii County has seen continuous volcanic activity, particularly from Kilauea, which has been erupting since 1983. The island’s economy has traditionally been based on agriculture (sugarcane and coffee), but tourism and science (astronomy on Mauna Kea) have become major economic drivers in recent decades.
Colleges and Universities:
- University of Hawaii at Hilo: A public university offering undergraduate and graduate programs, known for its strong programs in marine biology, astronomy, and Hawaiian studies.
- Hawaii Community College: Provides associate degrees, certifications, and vocational training in fields such as business, health, and agriculture.
- Imiloa Astronomy Center: A part of the University of Hawaii system, it serves as an educational and research facility dedicated to astronomy and Hawaiian culture.
Major Landmarks:
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, home to the active Kilauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, is the most prominent landmark, offering visitors a unique view of Hawaii’s geological activity. Mauna Kea, known for its world-class observatories, is another key attraction for astronomers and tourists alike. Akaka Falls State Park and the Waipio Valley provide breathtaking views of waterfalls and lush landscapes. The historic town of Hilo, with its Pacific Tsunami Museum and annual Merrie Monarch Festival, showcases the island’s rich culture and history.
3. Maui County
County Facts:
- Population: Approximately 167,000
- Area Codes: 808
- Zip Codes: 96708–96793
- County Seat: Wailuku
Geography and History:
Maui County consists of the islands of Maui, Molokai, Lanai, and the uninhabited Kahoolawe, covering a total of 1,162 square miles. The island of Maui is known for its beautiful beaches, the lush Hana rainforest, and the Haleakala volcanic crater. The climate varies from tropical on the coasts to cooler temperatures at higher elevations.
The county’s history is rooted in agriculture, particularly sugarcane and pineapple plantations that dominated the economy for decades. Maui was also a center of political power during the rule of Hawaiian kings, including Kamehameha I. Today, tourism is the primary industry, with visitors flocking to experience the natural beauty and laid-back culture of Maui, Molokai, and Lanai.
Colleges and Universities:
- University of Hawaii Maui College: A part of the University of Hawaii system, it offers associate, bachelor’s, and vocational training programs, especially focused on Hawaiian culture, business, and hospitality.
- Hawaii Pacific University (Maui Campus): A small branch of the private university offering distance learning and some in-person courses.
- Maui Language Institute: Offers English language instruction and cross-cultural programs for students from around the world.
Major Landmarks:
The Haleakala National Park, home to the largest dormant volcano in the world, is one of Maui’s most famous landmarks, with visitors flocking to watch the sunrise from its summit. The Road to Hana offers scenic views of waterfalls, rainforests, and dramatic coastal landscapes. Molokai is known for its Kalaupapa National Historical Park, which tells the story of the island’s former leprosy colony. The island of Lanai boasts luxury resorts and natural attractions such as Hulopoe Bay and Shipwreck Beach.
4. Kauai County
County Facts:
- Population: Approximately 73,000
- Area Codes: 808
- Zip Codes: 96703–96796
- County Seat: Lihue
Geography and History:
Kauai County encompasses the islands of Kauai, Niihau, and several smaller islets, covering 622 square miles. Known as the “Garden Isle,” Kauai features dramatic landscapes, including the Na Pali Coast, Waimea Canyon, and lush rainforests. The climate is tropical, with abundant rainfall that supports the island’s rich vegetation.
Kauai is the oldest of the main Hawaiian Islands and has a unique history, having resisted conquest by King Kamehameha I longer than the other islands. Agriculture, particularly sugarcane and pineapple, was historically the backbone of Kauai’s economy. Today, tourism and film production are major industries, with Kauai’s stunning landscapes frequently featured in Hollywood movies.
Colleges and Universities:
- University of Hawaii Kauai Community College: Offers associate degrees, certifications, and vocational training with a focus on fields like business, technology, and Hawaiian studies.
- University of Phoenix (Kauai Learning Center): Provides distance learning and in-person support for students pursuing degrees in business and education.
- Hawaii Pacific University (Kauai Campus): A satellite campus offering flexible programs for residents interested in furthering their education while living on the island.
Major Landmarks:
Kauai’s most iconic landmarks include the Na Pali Coast, known for its towering cliffs and secluded beaches, and Waimea Canyon, often referred to as the “Grand Canyon of the Pacific.” The Wailua River, one of the only navigable rivers in Hawaii, leads to the stunning Wailua Falls and Fern Grotto. Poipu Beach, one of the island’s most popular tourist spots, offers excellent snorkeling and sunset views. The Hanalei Valley, with its taro fields and scenic landscapes, showcases Kauai’s agricultural history and natural beauty.
5. Kalawao County
County Facts:
- Population: Fewer than 100
- Area Codes: 808
- Zip Codes: 96742
- County Seat: Kalaupapa
Geography and History:
Kalawao County is located on the northern coast of Molokai and covers just 53 square miles. The county was established specifically for the Kalaupapa Peninsula, which is isolated by towering sea cliffs, creating a natural barrier. The climate is tropical but slightly cooler due to the coastal winds and higher elevation.
Historically, Kalawao County is known for being the site of the Kalaupapa leprosy settlement, established in the 19th century. Thousands of individuals diagnosed with Hansen’s disease (leprosy) were forcibly relocated to this remote area between the 1860s and 1960s. The settlement, now part of Kalaupapa National Historical Park, commemorates the efforts of Saint Damien and others who cared for the patients. Today, it remains one of the most isolated and least populated counties in the U.S., with strict access regulations to protect its history.
Colleges and Universities:
- No higher education institutions: Due to its small population and isolation, there are no colleges or universities in Kalawao County. However, nearby Molokai residents can access educational programs on other islands or through distance learning options.
Major Landmarks:
Kalaupapa National Historical Park is the main landmark of Kalawao County. The park preserves the history of the leprosy settlement and the humanitarian work of Saint Damien, who was canonized for his efforts to aid the patients. The steep sea cliffs surrounding the area are among the highest in the world, and the park’s unique history and natural beauty draw visitors who gain access via guided tours. The settlement remains an active memorial to those who lived and died there.