Originally a Spanish and later Mexican territory, New Mexico became a U.S. state in 1912. It has a rich Native American and Hispanic heritage. New Mexico has 33 counties.
10 Largest Counties in New Mexico
1. Bernalillo County
County Facts
- Population: Approximately 675,000
- Area Codes: 505
- Zip Codes: 87101-87199
- County Seat: Albuquerque
Geography and History
Bernalillo County is located in central New Mexico and is the most populous county in the state. The county encompasses parts of the Rio Grande Valley and includes the city of Albuquerque, which is also the state’s largest city. The county’s geography is characterized by the arid and semi-arid landscapes typical of the region, with notable elevation changes as it transitions from the Sandia Mountains to the Rio Grande. Historically, the area has been inhabited by Native American tribes for centuries, including the Pueblo peoples. European settlers arrived in the 16th century, with the Spanish establishing the town of Albuquerque in 1706. The county was officially organized in 1852 and has grown significantly, driven by Albuquerque’s development as a major cultural and economic center.
Colleges and Universities
- University of New Mexico (UNM): The largest public university in New Mexico, offering a wide range of undergraduate, graduate, and professional programs.
- Central New Mexico Community College (CNM): Provides accessible and affordable education, including vocational training and associate degrees.
Major Landmarks
Bernalillo County is home to several significant landmarks. The Sandia Peak Tramway, one of the longest aerial tramways in the world, offers stunning views of the city and surrounding desert. The Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta, held annually, is one of the largest ballooning events globally, attracting thousands of visitors. Additionally, the Indian Pueblo Cultural Center provides insights into the rich history and culture of the Pueblo peoples. The Albuquerque Old Town, with its historic adobe buildings and museums, offers a glimpse into the city’s Spanish colonial past. The Rio Grande Nature Center State Park provides an opportunity to experience the local ecosystem and wildlife.
2. Doña Ana County
County Facts
- Population: Approximately 240,000
- Area Codes: 575
- Zip Codes: 88001-88099
- County Seat: Las Cruces
Geography and History
Doña Ana County is situated in southern New Mexico, near the U.S.-Mexico border. The county is characterized by its diverse geography, which includes desert landscapes, mountain ranges, and agricultural areas. It is home to parts of the Mesilla Valley, known for its fertile soil and historic significance. The county was established in 1852, and its history includes a mix of Native American, Spanish, and Mexican influences. The town of Mesilla, now part of Las Cruces, was a significant stop on the Butterfield Overland Mail route during the 19th century. The area has evolved from its early roots as an agricultural hub into a modern county with growing industrial and educational sectors.
Colleges and Universities
- New Mexico State University (NMSU): A comprehensive public research university that offers a wide range of undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral programs.
- Doña Ana Community College (DACC): Provides a variety of associate degrees and certificates, focusing on practical skills and workforce development.
Major Landmarks
Doña Ana County boasts several notable landmarks. The Organ Mountains-Desert Peaks National Monument is a major draw, featuring dramatic mountain peaks and diverse ecosystems. The historic town of Mesilla offers a glimpse into the region’s past with its preserved adobe buildings and the Mesilla Plaza. The New Mexico Farm and Ranch Heritage Museum provides interactive exhibits on the state’s agricultural history. The White Sands National Park, located to the northeast, is famous for its stunning white gypsum sand dunes. The county is also known for its vibrant arts scene and the annual Las Cruces Country Music Festival.
3. Sandoval County
County Facts
- Population: Approximately 160,000
- Area Codes: 505
- Zip Codes: 87001-87047
- County Seat: Bernalillo
Geography and History
Sandoval County, located in north-central New Mexico, is known for its diverse geography, which includes high desert, rugged mountains, and expansive river valleys. The county’s eastern boundary is marked by the Rio Grande, while the Sandia and Jemez Mountains form its western and northern borders, respectively. The county was established in 1903, making it one of the newer counties in New Mexico. Historically, the area has been inhabited by various Native American groups, including the Pueblo and Navajo tribes. Spanish explorers and settlers arrived in the 17th century, and the region has since developed into a blend of modern communities and historical sites.
Colleges and Universities
- Northern New Mexico College (NNMC): Although primarily based in Española, NNMC serves the northern New Mexico region, offering undergraduate degrees in various fields.
- Central New Mexico Community College (CNM): Has a campus in Rio Rancho, providing vocational training and higher education opportunities.
Major Landmarks
Sandoval County features several notable landmarks. The Valles Caldera National Preserve, a volcanic caldera with lush meadows and wildlife, is a highlight for outdoor enthusiasts. The Jemez Springs Historic District offers a glimpse into the area’s history with its hot springs and historic buildings. The Sandia Mountains provide opportunities for hiking, skiing, and breathtaking views from the Sandia Peak Tramway. The county is also home to the Coronado Historic Site, where visitors can learn about the early Spanish explorers and Native American history. The Rio Rancho area, with its growing community and cultural events, adds to the county’s diverse attractions.
4. Santa Fe County
County Facts
- Population: Approximately 155,000
- Area Codes: 505
- Zip Codes: 87501-87594
- County Seat: Santa Fe
Geography and History
Santa Fe County, located in north-central New Mexico, is known for its rich cultural heritage and stunning landscapes. The county encompasses the capital city of Santa Fe, which is the oldest and highest state capital in the U.S. The county’s geography includes high plains, mountain ranges, and scenic desert areas. Santa Fe itself is renowned for its Pueblo-style architecture and vibrant arts scene. The area has been inhabited since ancient times by Native American tribes, including the Tanoan and Keresan pueblos. Spanish settlers established Santa Fe in 1610, making it one of the oldest cities in the United States. The county’s history reflects a blend of Native American, Spanish, and Anglo influences.
Colleges and Universities
- Santa Fe Community College (SFCC): Offers a variety of associate degrees and certificate programs, focusing on career training and higher education.
- The Institute of American Indian Arts (IAIA): Provides specialized programs in Native American arts and culture, including undergraduate and graduate degrees.
Major Landmarks
Santa Fe County is home to numerous significant landmarks. The Santa Fe Plaza, the historic center of the city, is surrounded by shops, galleries, and historic buildings. The Palace of the Governors, a historic Spanish colonial building, is a key site for understanding the area’s history. The Georgia O’Keeffe Museum celebrates the works of the renowned artist who lived in the region. The nearby Bandelier National Monument features ancient cliff dwellings and petroglyphs. The San Miguel Chapel, one of the oldest churches in the U.S., adds to the county’s rich historical tapestry. Additionally, the Santa Fe Opera, a renowned venue for performing arts, attracts visitors from around the world.
5. Rio Arriba County
County Facts
- Population: Approximately 40,000
- Area Codes: 505
- Zip Codes: 87501-87577
- County Seat: Tierra Amarilla
Geography and History
Rio Arriba County is located in northern New Mexico and is known for its rugged landscapes and rich cultural history. The county includes parts of the Carson National Forest and is characterized by its mountainous terrain and river valleys. The Rio Chama runs through the county, providing scenic beauty and recreational opportunities. The area has been inhabited since prehistoric times by Native American tribes such as the Jicarilla Apache and Pueblo peoples. Spanish explorers arrived in the 16th century, and the county was established in 1852. The county has a rich history of ranching and agriculture, with a strong emphasis on traditional practices and cultural heritage.
Colleges and Universities
- Northern New Mexico College (NNMC): Located in Española, NNMC provides higher education opportunities for residents of Rio Arriba County, offering a range of undergraduate programs.
- Santa Fe Community College (SFCC): Offers educational programs and services that benefit students from the surrounding northern New Mexico region.
Major Landmarks
Rio Arriba County features several notable landmarks. The Abiquiú Reservoir, surrounded by dramatic red rock formations, is a popular destination for boating and fishing. The Chama River Canyon Wilderness offers stunning natural scenery and hiking opportunities. The county is also known for the Ghost Ranch, which was famously home to artist Georgia O’Keeffe and offers workshops and tours. The Rio Chama Valley is rich with historical and cultural sites, including traditional Hispanic and Native American communities. Additionally, the El Rito Library and Museum provide insights into the county’s local history and cultural heritage.
6. Torrance County
County Facts
- Population: Approximately 15,000
- Area Codes: 505
- Zip Codes: 87002-87031
- County Seat: Estancia
Geography and History
Torrance County, located in central New Mexico, is characterized by its rolling plains and expansive ranch lands. The county is situated along the eastern edge of the Manzano Mountains and includes parts of the Estancia Basin. It was established in 1903, carved out of portions of Bernalillo and Valencia counties. The area’s history includes Native American presence, Spanish exploration, and Anglo settlement. The region developed as an agricultural and ranching community, with the railroad playing a significant role in its growth. Torrance County is known for its small-town charm and historical significance in the development of New Mexico’s rural communities.
Colleges and Universities
- None within the county: Residents typically attend institutions in neighboring counties, such as Central New Mexico Community College (CNM) or the University of New Mexico (UNM) in Albuquerque.
Major Landmarks
Torrance County is known for its serene landscapes and historic sites. The historic town of Estancia, with its charming buildings and local museums, offers a glimpse into the county’s past. The Manzano Mountains provide opportunities for outdoor recreation, including hiking and camping. The county also hosts the annual Torrance County Fair, showcasing local agriculture and crafts. The Estancia Historical Museum provides exhibits on local history and culture, while the surrounding ranch lands highlight the county’s agricultural heritage. Additionally, the area is known for its scenic beauty and opportunities for stargazing due to its low light pollution.
7. Cibola County
County Facts
- Population: Approximately 27,000
- Area Codes: 505
- Zip Codes: 87001-87047
- County Seat: Grants
Geography and History
Cibola County is located in western New Mexico and is known for its diverse and rugged terrain, including portions of the Zuni Mountains and the Cibola National Forest. The county is also home to the El Malpais National Monument, known for its volcanic landscapes and unique geological formations. Established in 1981, Cibola County is one of New Mexico’s newer counties. Its history includes Native American cultures, such as the Zuni and Acoma pueblos, as well as Spanish exploration. The county’s economy historically relied on mining and ranching, with a focus on preserving its natural and cultural resources.
Colleges and Universities
- None within the county: Residents often attend institutions in neighboring counties, such as the University of New Mexico (UNM) in Albuquerque or New Mexico State University (NMSU) in Las Cruces.
Major Landmarks
Cibola County features several notable landmarks. The El Malpais National Monument is a key attraction, with its expansive lava flows, cinder cones, and lava tubes. The Acoma Pueblo, also known as Sky City, offers a glimpse into one of the oldest continuously inhabited communities in North America. The Zuni Pueblo, with its rich cultural traditions and arts, is another significant site. The county is also known for the Grants Mining Museum, which highlights the region’s mining history and its impact on local development. The scenic beauty of the Zuni Mountains and the vast wilderness areas offer opportunities for outdoor activities and exploration.
8. Valencia County
County Facts
- Population: Approximately 89,000
- Area Codes: 505
- Zip Codes: 87002-87031
- County Seat: Los Lunas
Geography and History
Valencia County is located in central New Mexico and includes parts of the Rio Grande Valley. The county’s geography features a mix of desert landscapes, river valleys, and agricultural lands. It was established in 1852 and has a rich history that includes Native American, Spanish, and Anglo influences. The area was originally settled by the Spanish in the 18th century, and its history includes significant agricultural and ranching developments. The county’s development has been influenced by its proximity to Albuquerque and its role as a key agricultural region in New Mexico.
Colleges and Universities
- None within the county: Residents generally attend institutions in nearby Albuquerque, such as the University of New Mexico (UNM) or Central New Mexico Community College (CNM).
Major Landmarks
Valencia County is known for several significant landmarks. The Los Lunas Decalogue Stone, an artifact with inscriptions that some believe to be ancient Hebrew, is a notable historical site. The Valencia County Historical Society Museum in Los Lunas provides exhibits on local history and culture. The county also features the Belen Harvey House Museum, highlighting the role of the Harvey House chain in the development of the region. The scenic beauty of the Rio Grande Valley and the county’s agricultural heritage are prominent, with local farms and historical sites adding to the area’s character.
9. Sierra County
County Facts
- Population: Approximately 12,000
- Area Codes: 575
- Zip Codes: 87901-87940
- County Seat: Truth or Consequences
Geography and History
Sierra County, located in southern New Mexico, is known for its varied landscapes, including desert, mountain ranges, and river valleys. The county is situated along the Rio Grande and is home to the Caballo Mountains and the Gila National Forest. Established in 1884, Sierra County has a history that includes Native American settlements, Spanish exploration, and mining activities. The town of Truth or Consequences, originally named Hot Springs, became famous for its hot springs and was renamed after the popular radio show in 1950. The county’s history reflects a blend of natural beauty and historical significance.
Colleges and Universities
- None within the county: Residents typically attend educational institutions in nearby cities, such as New Mexico State University (NMSU) in Las Cruces or Western New Mexico University (WNMU) in Silver City.
Major Landmarks
Sierra County features several notable landmarks. The Truth or Consequences Hot Springs offer a unique relaxation experience and have been a major attraction for visitors. The Elephant Butte Lake State Park provides opportunities for boating, fishing, and camping in a scenic setting. The county is also known for the Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument, featuring ancient cliff dwellings and hiking trails. The Caballo Lake State Park offers outdoor activities with picturesque views. Additionally, the county’s historic towns and natural hot springs contribute to its charm and appeal.
10. Guadalupe County
County Facts
- Population: Approximately 4,000
- Area Codes: 575
- Zip Codes: 88101-88136
- County Seat: Santa Rosa
Geography and History
Guadalupe County, located in eastern New Mexico, is characterized by its expansive desert landscapes and flat terrain. The county is situated along the historic Santa Fe Trail, which was a major trade route in the 19th century. Established in 1891, Guadalupe County has a history that includes Native American presence, Spanish exploration, and Anglo settlement. The area developed as an important stop on the Santa Fe Trail, with Santa Rosa serving as a key location for travelers. The county’s economy has historically been based on ranching and agriculture, with a focus on preserving its historical and cultural heritage.
Colleges and Universities
- None within the county: Residents often attend institutions in nearby areas, such as Eastern New Mexico University (ENMU) in Portales or New Mexico State University (NMSU) in Las Cruces.
Major Landmarks
Guadalupe County is known for several significant landmarks. The Blue Hole, a natural spring-fed pool in Santa Rosa, is a popular spot for swimming and diving. The Santa Rosa Route 66 Museum showcases the history and culture of the iconic highway that runs through the county. The Fort Sumner Historical Museum offers insights into the region’s history, including its connection to Billy the Kid. The county’s historical significance along the Santa Fe Trail adds to its cultural heritage, with several preserved sites and museums that highlight its past. The natural beauty of the surrounding desert landscapes provides a backdrop for outdoor activities and exploration.